Llanthony Priory’s Deed of Surrender
January 24, 2024
The West Gatehouse and Llanthony Road
March 28, 2024Burials at Llanthony Secunda Priory
Burials at Llanthony Secunda Priory:
We are often asked by those interested in tracing their family history where their long-lost ancestors are supposedly buried at Llanthony Secunda Priory. Yet those visiting the site today will see no visible trace of church, churchyard, nor chapter house. Llanthony Secunda Priory was certainly the final resting place for some of the most influential people in medieval England. Records tell us that Earls, Barons, Knights, Lords, Constables of England, and even Crusaders were buried at Llanthony Secunda, but where are they today? This post looks at the individuals we know were buried here, where they possibly lie today, and at those uncovered in more recent excavations.
The coffins discovered in 1852 and sketched by John Clarke in his 'A Popular Account of the Interesting Priory of Llanthony, Near Gloucester'.
Noble Burials at Llanthony Secunda Priory: from Constables of England to Crusaders
An extract from Robert Aske’s Genealogical, legal and historical collections (British Library, Add MS 38133, f. 56v) tells us of the names and burial places in relation to each other of the ‘Founders of the Church of our Blesside Ladi in Lanthony, whiche ar departid ther’.
Many of these individuals were buried within the priory’s Chapter House. The Chapter House was the second most important part of a monastery, besides the church itself, and was used for both political and religious assemblies. Here, the canons would have met daily, the Rules of St Augustine would be read, confessions heard, and the priory’s business matters would have occurred within the space. These burials follow the medieval custom for influential people associated with the foundation of the monastery to often be buried within the chapter house.
Below is an interpretation of where the individuals may have been buried within Llanthony Secunda Priory’s Chapter House, according to Aske's manuscript:
The approximate layout of burials within the Chapter House, according to Aske's manuscript.
Miles Fitzwalter of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford, Lord of Brecon and of all the Forest of Dean, Constable of England, and Sheriff of Gloucestershire (d.1143)
Being the founder of Llanthony Secunda Priory in 1136, Miles took centre stage lying ‘honorabli’ in the middle of the priory's Chapter House. Son and heir of Walter of Gloucester (d.1129), Miles held the titles of Sheriff of Gloucester, a justice itinerant, a justice of the Forest of Dean, and Sheriff of Staffordshire by 1130. He was also granted the hereditary role of Constable of England from his father. As a royal constable, his residence was Gloucester Castle – currently the site of Gloucester Prison. In 1136 Miles transferred the original house of Augustinian canons at Llanthony Prima, Monmouthshire, to a site just south of Gloucester Castle and outside the city’s walls – the very site on which the remains of Llanthony Secunda Priory sit today.
During the civil war between King Stephen and Empress Matilda, Miles initially supported Stephen. However, within a few weeks of receiving Stephen at Gloucester in 1138, he renounced his allegiance and eventually sided with Matilda. Whilst Miles was deprived of his office of constable, he was successful in combat on Matilda’s behalf. After numerous victories and his own financial support, Matilda made his 1st Earl of Hereford in consideration of his service.
In 1143, Robert de Bethune, the Bishop of Hereford, excommunicated Miles and his followers after he had increasingly pressed the Church to help finance his troops through church lands. Whilst out hunting on Christmas Eve 1143, whilst excommunicated, Miles was killed by a stray arrow shot at a deer. A dispute immediately arose between the Augustinian canons of Llanthony Secunda Priory, his own foundation, and the Benedictine monks at St. Peter’s Abbey, Gloucester (now Gloucester Cathedral) as to whom had the honour to house Miles' final resting place. The dispute was eventually won by Llanthony Secunda Priory, and he was buried honourably in the middle of their Chapter House.
The armorial bearings of Miles FitzWalter of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford.
Image Author: Rs-nourse, CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Sibyl de Neufmarché, Countess of Hereford and suo jure Lady of Brecon (c.1100-after 1143)
Sibyl was Miles’ wife and was buried on his right-hand side. She was an heiress to one of the most substantial fiefs in the Welsh Marches and inherited the titles and lands of her father, Bernard de Neufmarché, Lord of Brecknock (Brecon), after her mother, Nest ferch Osbern, had declared her brother Mahel to have been illegitimate. Most of these estates passed to Miles of Gloucester as her dowry. Their marriage was personally arranged by King Henry I in 1121 to consolidate Anglo-Norman power in Southeast Wales.
Following Miles’ death in 1143, Sibyl entered a religious life at Llanthony Secunda Priory and was later buried next to her husband in the Chapter House.
The ruins of Brecon Castle, Sibyl's birthplace and part of her large inheritance.
Photo: Philip Parkhurst, Brecon Castle, CC BY-SA 2.0.
Roger FitzMiles of Hereford, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Lord of Brecon and of the Forest of Dean, and Constable of England (before 1125-1155)
Roger was the first son and heir of Miles and Sybil. Roger succeeded his father following his death in 1143, inheriting his titles and land. He is said to have bore a hatred towards the Church for his father’s excommunication, apparently forcing the Prior of Llanthony, as a friend of the Bishop of Hereford, to resign. He also hounded his kinsman Gilbert Foiliot, formerly a supporter of Miles against the excommunication in his position as Abbot of St. Peter’s, Gloucester, when he became Bishop Hereford. This pressure eventually led to his own excommunication. Eventually, however, he was reconciled with the Church and founded Flaxley Abbey, a Cistercian house, within the Forest of Dean in 1151 – possibly on the very spot of his father’s death.
Roger became the leader of the Angevin party in England in 1147 and initially resisted the authority of King Henry II upon his accession in 1154. He was eventually persuaded to surrender his castles in 1155, and immediately received a charter confirming him with most of his father’s possessions. Although Roger had married Cecilia, the daughter of Pain fitzJohn, in 1136 he died without issue in 1155. Whilst the Earldom of Hereford ended with him, the shrievalty of Hereford and Gloucester passed to his brother Walter. He was eventually buried at the head of his father, Miles, in the Chapter House of Llanthony Secunda Priory.
An engraving of Flaxley Abbey in 1712 by Johannes Kip (in R. Atkyns, 'The Ancient & Present State of Gloucestershire').
Henry FitzMiles of Hereford, Baron Abergavenny (c.1128-c.1162)
Henry was the third son of Miles and Sybil and held the title of Baron Abergavenny from around 1160. He was also High Sheriff of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire and held the title of King’s Constable.
He died between 1159 and 1163. It is believed that he was slain by Seisyll ap Dyfnwal, a Welsh Lord of Upper Gwent, at Seisyll’s home of Castle Arnold in the valley of the River Usk. Whether Henry's death was indeed murder or in conflict, Henry was avenged by his nephew William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, in 1175 at Abergavenny Castle in a massacre that seems to have inspired the infamous Red Wedding in Game of Thrones! He was buried in the Chapter House at Llanthony Secunda Priory at the right hand of his brother Roger, and at the head of his mother Sibyl.
The site of Castle Arnold today.
Photo: Philip Halling, CC BY-SA 2.0
Mahel FitzMiles of Hereford, Baron Abergavenny (c.1133-c.1165)
Mahel was the fourth son of Miles and Sybil. He held the office of King’s Constable and succeeded as Lord Abergavenny around 1163, following his brother Henry’s death.
Mahel was apparently mortally injured by a falling stone that had toppled from a tower at Bronllys Castle, Breconshire, during a fire and died around 1165, without issue. He was buried in the Chapter House of Llanthony Secunda Priory, at the left hand of his brother Roger.
An engraving from c.1740 depicting Bronllys Castle.
Margaret of Hereford, also Margaret de Bohun née Margaret of Gloucester, Lord of Herefordshire and Constable of England (c.1122-1197)
Margaret was the eldest child of Miles and Sybil. She married Humphrey II de Bohun, an Anglo-Norman aristocrat and steward of King Henry I at some point before 1139.
Following the death of her father Miles in 1143, and sometime before her husband’s death in 1165, all five of her brothers had died without legitimate offspring. Following Roger’s death, the earldom of Hereford fell into abeyance, leaving all of Miles’ lands and properties to be divided between Margaret and her two sisters. As the eldest, Margaret inherited the Lordship of Herefordshire and the office of Constable of England. She exercised the lordship as a widow until her death.
Margaret was a generous benefactor to several religious institutions. Together, Margaret and Humphrey founded the Priory of Monkton, a Cluniac house, around 1120. Notably, however, she gave all her land in Quedgeley to Llanthony Secunda Priory for the salvation of her brothers’ souls. She later gave further land to the priory to save the souls of herself, King Henry II, her children, parents, husband, and the rest of her family.
Margaret died on 6 April 1197, having solely managed the titles and lands inherited through her father for over 30 years following her husband’s death. Margaret was buried in the Chapter House of Llanthony Secunda Priory at the right hand of her mother, Sibyl.
Today, our medieval timber-framed hall, the Lady Margaret Hall, has been named after her.
(Photo: WeddingsBySam ©)
Humphrey II de Bohun, 4th Feudal Baron of Trowbridge (d.1164/5)
Humphrey II was the son and heir of Humphrey I de Bohun, 3rd Feudal Baron of Trowbridge. Following his father’s death around 1123 he inherited large estates surrounding Trowbridge Castle.
He married Margaret of Hereford at some point before 1139, and together they sided with Empress Matilda during the civil war. He died sometime before 29 September 1165 and was buried at the foot of his mother-in-law Sybil in the Chapter House of Llanthony Secunda Priory.
The many Humphrey de Bohuns!
It is here worth mentioning that the de Bohun family were rather obsessed with the name Humphrey, and discerning between them all is difficult. Even Aske contributed to the confusion in their numbering, with 'Humfre of Bohum the third’ in his manuscript actually being Humphrey II de Bohun. A lot of the confusion stems from the fact that Humphrey I de Bohun (d.1123) in the modern ordering system was not the first Humphrey de Bohun! The first Humphrey was the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family and was known as ‘Cum Barba’ or ‘With the Beard’ (d. before 1113). He was a relative of William the Conquerer and first came with him from Normandy during the 1066 invasion. His son was Humphrey I, and successive Humphries were numbered accordingly. The family name eventually ended with Humphrey IX (1342-1373).
The de Bohun Armorial Arms.
Image: Sodacan, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Lucy FitzMiles of Gloucester and Hereford, Lady of Blaen Llyfni and Bwlch y Dinas (c.1136-c.1219)
Lucy was the youngest daughter of Miles and Sybil. Following the death of her father Miles in 1143, and all five of her brothers, she was a co-heiress of her father’s titles and lands, alongside her other two sisters. Her part of the inheritance included the lordship of Blaen Llyfni and Bwlch y Dinas in the county of Brecon.
Lucy married Herbert FitzHerbert of Winchester and Lord Chamberlain (1125-1204) at some point before 1163 and had issue. She died around 1219 and was buried ‘of the overhand’ of Humphrey II, likely at his feet, within the Chapter House at Llanthony Secunda Priory.
The remains of Castell Dinas.
Image: Jasper Fforde, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Humphrey III de Bohun, 5th Feudal Baron of Trowbridge, Constable of England (before 1144-1181)
Humphrey III was the son of Humphrey II and Margaret of Hereford. He succeeded to his father’s fiefs, predominantly surrounding Trowbridge, at his death around 1165.
Humphrey III, in his role as constable, attested numerous charters for King Henry II. He also fought for Henry II during the Revolt of 1173-1174. He was in the royal army at Breteuil in August 1173. He later helped sack Berwick with Richard de Luci and led troops into Lothian against William the Lion, King of Scots, before having to turn south and deal with rebellion in England. He featured in the defeat and capture of the Earl of Leicester in October 1173 and witnessed the treaty of Falaise between Henry II and the King of Scots in late 1174, where the Scottish King recognised the supremacy of the English Crown. At some point between 1171 and 1175 he became brother-in-law to the King of Scots through his marriage to Margaret of Huntingdon.
He died whilst serving in the army led into France by Henry II’s sons, in support of Phillip II of France, towards the end of 1181. He was eventually buried at the left hand of Miles and at the foot of Mahel.
The seal of Philip II of France, for whom Humphrey III de Bohun had gone to support by leading an army against Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders in 1181. Humphrey died during this campaign.
Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (c.1176-1220)
Henry was the son and heir of Humphrey III de Bohun. He was only six years old when his father died in 1181, and his grandmother Margaret of Hereford became his guardian. He was given control of his father’s lands by 1190, but had to wait until the death of Margaret to inherit the share passed to her from his great-grandfather Miles. In 1200 King John created Henry the 1st Earl of Hereford and became one of King John’s advisors. However, Henry and King John soon fell out, leaving Henry to join the rebel Barons that opposed the King and eventually forced the King to accept the new laws they set down in Magna Carta in 1215, where Henry was a surety. Even after this, Henry remained loyal to King Louis of France even after the accession of King Henry III, only reconciling himself with the new English king following his capture at the battle of Lincoln in 1217.
It is notable that Henry was the first heir in the de Bohun line not to be called Humphrey! He may have been named Henry after King Henry II, to whom his father owed a lot of his success, or even after his grandfather Henry of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland, perhaps in vain hopes to potentially inherit some of his titles and lands.
He married Maud de Mandeville, daughter of Geoffrey FitzPeter, 1st Earl of Essex, at some point before 1199 through whom the de Bohuns benefitted from, increasing their estate considerably.
Henry died in June 1220 whilst on crusade to the Holy Land. Henry’s body was returned to England, and was buried at the right hand of Humphrey III de Bohun within the Chapter House at Llanthony Secunda Priory.
Henry de Bohun's coat of arms, drawn by Matthew Paris, Historia anglorum, 1250-59 (British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, f.106r).
Maud de Lusignan (c.1210-1241)
Maud, or Matilda, was the daughter of Alix d’Eu, Countess of Eu and Raoul I of Lusignan, Lord of Exoudun and Count of Eu in Normandy through marriage. She was the first wife of Humphrey IV de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, 1st Earl of Essex, and Constable of England (c.1200-1275).
She was buried at the foot of her husband’s father, Humphrey III de Bohun, in the Chapter House at Llanthony Secunda Priory. Her husband was not buried alongside his first wife, but alongside his second wife, Maud of Avenbury, before the alter in the quire of Llanthony Secunda Priory’s church (see below).
Eleanor de Braose, Lady and heir of the land of Brecon (c.1224-1252)
Eleanor was the daughter and coheiress of William de Braose, Baron Abergavenny. She married Humphrey V de Bohun, the eldest son and heir of Humphrey IV, at some point before 1248. She was mother of Humphrey VI de Bohun, who would inherit his grandfather’s titles and lands.
Eleanor died in 1252, and was buried at the foot of Maud de Lusignan, Eleanor’s mother-in-law, within the Chapter House of Llanthony Secunda Priory. Her husband died whilst a captive at Beeston Castle, Cheshire, and was buried at nearby Combermere Abbey in 1265 - for more on Humphrey V de Bohun, see Humphrey IV de Bohun below.
An engraving of Abergavenny Castle by J. Hassell (1807), the site of the infamous Abergavenny Massacre where Eleanor's father, William de Braose, avenged his uncle, Henry FitzMiles.
Robert Bracy, the First Prior of Llanthony Secunda Priory
Robert Bracy was chosen to be prior of Llanthony Priory following the elevation of the former prior, Robert de Bethune, to Bishop of Hereford. Bracy was prior when Miles gave the land just outside Gloucester’s city walls to the priory in 1136 for a daughter house to be founded away from the marauding Welshmen. This made Robert Bracy the first prior of Llanthony Secunda Priory.
He was buried at the head of Roger FitzMiles, Miles’ son, and near the Chapter House door.
The Arms of Llanthony Secunda Priory from stained glass in Bromsberrow (above) and from a floor tile in Gloucester Cathedral (below).
Document: GL60.20, courtesy of Gloucestershire Archives.
Alice de Toeni (1236-1255)
Alice was the daughter of Humphrey IV de Bohun and Maud de Lusignan. In 1239 she married Roger de Toeni of Paincastle, Radnorshire, the son of Ralph de Toeni Knight of Paincastle and Kirtling. The marriage contract between Alice and Roger was made when Roger was three.
Alice died relatively young, at the age of 18 or 19, and was buried at the right hand of Robert Bracy.
Henry de Bohun, Knight
Little is known about this Henry. He is listed by Aske as ‘Henri of of Bohum, knight, sonne and heire of the Erle aforesaid’, and brother of Humphrey IV.
Henry appears to have been a son to Henry de Bohun, possibly his eldest, and is likely to have died young. He was buried at the left hand of Robert Bracy.
Humphrey IX de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Northampton (1342-1373)
Humphrey IX was the son of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, and the last direct male descendant of the de Bohun earls, leaving two daughters as co-heirs. He had gained the earldoms of Hereford and Essex through his uncle Humphrey VIII de Bohun (1309-1361), who died childless.
He had a short military career and participated in the sack of Alexandria in 1365. He died in 1373 and his estates were inherited by his two surviving daughters, Eleanor (1366-1399) and Mary (c.1369-1394). Both daughters married men with considerable power and wealth. Eleanor married Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, and youngest son of King Edward III, whilst Mary married Henry Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV.
After the death of Humphrey IV de Bohun, the family’s traditional resting place was foregone with Humphrey VI buried at Walden Priory in Essex, Humphrey VII buried at Hereford Cathedral, and Humphrey VIII buried at Austin Friars in London. Humphrey IX, however, was buried with his ancestors in the Chapter House of Llanthony Secunda Priory. His position within the Chapter House is up for debate, however, as he is listed by Aske as being buried ‘at the fote of Sibbill, nyghe unto Henri’. Whilst the other descriptions of individuals' burial positions within the Chapter House fit, neither Henry previously listed is particularly near the feet of Sibyl.
The arms of Humphrey IX de Bohun.
Image: Rs-nourse, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Humphrey IV de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford and 1st Earl of Essex, Lord of Brecon, Constable of England (c.1200-1275)
Humphrey was the eldest son and heir of Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford by his wife Maud de Mandeville. During his time, he was known as 'the Good Earl of Hereford'.
Amongst his accolades, he was one of nine godfathers to the future King Edward I, served as Sheriff of Kent in 1239, and made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He, like his father, initially supported the royal cause, serving King Henry III in several military expeditions and carrying out the ceremonial duties of marshal of the king’s household at the coronation of Queen Eleanor in 1236. However, he eventually aligned with the barons against Henry III, serving in several parliaments and councils aiming to take away some of the monarch’s authority and power. He eventually fell back into royal allegiance following an alliance between Simon de Montfort, the leader of the rebellious barons, and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. During the Second Barons’ War (1264-1267), he was amongst the captives taken by the Montfortians at the Battle of Lewes in 1264, but amongst the victors at the Battle of Evesham in 1265.
However, his son and heir Humphrey V de Bohun (1225-1265) had sided for the Montfortians, fighting against his father and his forces, and was mortally wounded at the Battle of Evesham. Humphrey IV outlived his eldest son by 10 years, meaning his titles would eventually pass to his grandson Humphrey VI de Bohun, following his death in 1275.
Humphrey IV's body was buried in the middle of the quire before the high alter within Llanthony Secunda Priory’s church alongside his second wife, Maud of Avenbury.
The High Altar at Worcester Cathedral, with King John's (1166-1216) tomb before it in the middle of the quire.
Image: Bob Embleton, The High Altar, Worcester Cathedral, CC BY-SA 2.0
Maud of Avenbury (c.1220-1273)
Very little is known about Maud (or Matilda) of Avenbury. She was the second wife of Humphrey IV de Bohun. It has been speculated that this may have been a love match, as there was no apparent economic or political significance to their marriage.
Maud died in 1273 at Sorgee, in Gascony, and was initially buried in the town. However, her remains were moved by her son, John de Bohun, sixteen years following her death to Llanthony Secunda Priory in 1290. She was buried on the festival of St. Kyneburg the Virgin alongside her husband in the middle of the quire before the high altar within the priory’s church.
Noble Burials: Where are they now?
Using all available archival material, archaeological evidence, and historical knowledge, the approximate site of the Chapter House and Church at Llanthony Secunda Priory is shown on the map below.
An interpretation of Llanthony Secunda Priory (c.1530) over today's site (Basemap: Google, Reconstruction: Llanthony Secunda Priory Trust ©).
The industrial period took its toll on the site. Work on the construction of the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal started in 1794. This work seemingly cut through much of the priory's cemetery and peripheral buildings. Coffins and bones were certainly discovered by the workmen. They were churned up and deposited on the banks before being redistributed when Llanthony Quay was dug. There are stories of how many remains were simply tossed into the River Severn for ‘convenient demolition’.
A sketch of the coffins found in 1852 (J. Clarke, 'A Popular Account of the Interesting Priory of Llanthony, Near Gloucester).
In 1852 two more medieval stone coffins were discovered by workmen enlarging the Gloucester and Sharpness canal. Only one coffin was recorded as being found entire. The others were recorded as broken ‘through the pardonable ignorance of the workmen’, one having apparently broken the coffins with his pickaxe before discovering they were something more than blocks of stone. One newspaper report in 1852 explains how upon the discovery of the more complete coffin, it contained a few bones and a skull in good condition. However, one of the first workmen to the spot allegedly ‘deposited it with all due care in his handkerchief, from whence most likely it was transferred to a still safer receptacle, and now probably adorns the shelf of some admiring antiquary’. The larger coffin was recorded as being made of white or yellow freestone, whilst the smaller one (presumed to be a woman or infant) was made of red sandstone. Although their exact location was unrecorded, they were supposedly found lying east to west and located on the spot on which the church’s quire would have stood. If this assumption is correct, this may have been the final resting place of Humphrey IV de Bohun and his second wife Maud of Avenbury, who lied in the middle of the quire before the high alter within the priory’s church.
The state of the canal’s embankments near Llanthony were summed up in 1868 as John Bellows recalled picking up a ‘Prior’s’ bone from a spoil heap long following the railway’s construction.
Uncovered Burials: Recent Archaeology
In 2005 nine burials were recovered from Llanthony Secunda Priory when archaeological work was undertaken prior to the new development at Gloucestershire College. They were all adult male individuals, but for one exception of a child 9-11 years old. Three of the graves were dated to be between the 12th and 13th centuries, whilst the remaining were undated.
The dominance of males within the findings suggests that this cemetery, or area of this cemetery, was restricted to males. It is possible to that these individuals were members of the religious community and Llanthony Secunda Priory. A vast number of these individuals showed evidence of advanced age. Four of these individuals were identified as being anaemic, suggesting either a lack of red meat in their diet (or any other source of iron), parasitic infestation, or chronic blood loss through injury or disease. The positioning of the bodies within the graves ranged from supine to prone, which is unusual for a religious medieval cemetery.
A number of disarticulated human skeletal remains were also discovered, encompassing a minimum of 30 further individuals. As was frequent in the medieval period, these individuals likely had their graves disturbed as the cemetery space was reused. Their original grave was likely disturbed in preparation for a newer burial, with the contents then being reburied as either the backfill or in specifically dug charnel pits.
One burial was found away from all the other individuals within the cemetery. This grave was post-medieval and likely dates to the Civil War period, where the Royalists camped at Llanthony Secunda Priory when besieging the city in 1643. This individual was found lying east-west and may have been one of a number of individuals laid to rest at such an unlicensed cemetery throughout a war-torn country.
The approximate areas where the burials were uncovered can be seen on the map below:
A map detailing the approximate areas where burials were uncovered in 2005 (Basemap: Google).
Conclusion
The destruction that occurred across the site of Llanthony Secunda Priory, for many centuries, has likely seen many individuals' final resting place disturbed. Whilst much of the archaeology has unfortunately disappeared, been discarded, and gone unrecorded, the priory certainly housed the mortal remains of some of the most influential people within England. Some of these may have been some of the individuals disturbed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Nevertheless, recent archaeology has shown that the site still holds its secrets, and that the final resting place for nobility, the religious community of the priory, and even the lay people of Gloucester, may still lie beneath our feet.
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Noble Burials at Llanthony Secunda Priory: from Constables of England to Crusaders
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Noble Burials: Where are they now?
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Uncovered Burials: Recent Archaeological Surveys
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